The long-term trend of extreme temperature has been extensively explored by previous studies. In contrast, the interdecadal variation of extreme temperature is rarely documented. Based on the daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and daily temperature of 839 stations in China from 1961 to 2016, the interdecadal variations of winter extreme temperature index in China were analyzed. The first four wave components of the extreme temperature of each station are extracted by using harmonic decomposition, which is regarded as the interdecadal component. A station is regarded as the station that undergos an evident interdecadal variation if the cumulative variance explained by the interdecadal component is greater than 25%. The results show that the stations with evident interdecadal variation of winter extreme low temperature index are mainly located to the north of the Yangtze River, northern Xinjiang and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The inter-decadal variation to the north of the Yangtze River and in northern Xinjiang are basically consistent after 1979. Accordingly, the period after 1979 can be divided into three periods: previous-cold period (1979~1986), warm period (1987~2007) and later-cold period (2008~2016). The inter-decadal variation of the extreme temperature indices of the stations over the above-mentioned two areas might be modulated by the interdecadal variation of East Atlantic/West Russia teleconnection type (EAWR), which corresponds to the interdecadal variation of both the frequency of blocking-like circulation over Ural Mountains and the amplitude of planetary trough over East Asia.