Using the WRF-chem model and sensitive tests of different vegetation coverage, a typical dust process in Inner Mongolia was simulated, and the influence of vegetation coverage on the evolution of dust weather intensity and long-distance transportation was studied. The results show that: the WRF-chem coupled with Shao_04 sand parameterization scheme can better reproduce the actual dust transportation. Sensitivity experiments of different vegetation coverage found when vegetation coverage of sand source area was increased by 5%, the total amount dust was reduced by 50%; the reduction of surface dust concentration including PM10 and PM2.5 in downstream area was more than 80% or close to 80%; the air quality was reduced from serious pollution to light pollution, which effectively improved the atmospheric environment. When vegetation coverage was increased by 15% or more, the contribution rate of large grain sand particles gradually increased, and the sedimentation rate increased during dust transportation leading to the advance of the peak concentration of dust weather in the downstream areas. The vegetation coverage increased, the leaf area index increased, and the capture effect of vegetation on fine particles was enhanced. It can be preliminarily concluded that desertification control projects such as afforestation should first be carried out in semi-desertification areas with fine particles.