In order to study the influence of dust aerosol layer on cloud and precipitation, this paper simulated a convective process in Aksu, Xinjiang, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) high-resolution Weather model coupled with a spectral bin microphysics (SBM) scheme. The effects of the aerosol layer on cloud dynamic , microphysics and precipitation processes at different heights are discussed respectively. The results show that when the dust aerosol is in the lower layer, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) has a more obvious effect on the cloud microphysical process. As CCN increases, cloud droplet concentration increases, cloud droplet effective radius decreases, and precipitation delays. When the dust aerosol is higher, ice nuclei (IN) has a more obvious influence on the cloud microphysical process. With the increase of IN concentration, the number of ice crystals increases, the growth process of snow, graupel and hail is enhanced, the number of ice particles involved in the melting process increases, and the rainrate increases. This article only discusses the possible response of dust aerosol layer on the convective weather process that occurred in Xinjiang at different heights,and it is necessary for more simulation study which constrained by observation data to learn the comprehensive understanding of the influence of dust aerosol on different types of cloud and precipitation process.