Abstract:Based on multi-source observations and ERA5 reanalysis data, we present in detail the environment conditions, storm evolution and possible formation mechanisms of the Fuxin EF1 tornado and the Kaiyuan EF2 tornado on June 1 2023 in this paper. The results show that the northern part of Liaoning Province was affected by the upper trough and lower-level shear line at the rear part of a Northeast China Cold Vortex. The strong vertical temperature lapse rate between the surface (or 850 hPa) and 500 hPa was the extreme environmental condition factor that caused this process. The Fuxin tornado storm had hook echo, descending reflectivity core (DRC) and tornado vortex signature (TVS), formed by the merger of two isolated storms generated on the dry-line. The strong echo on the east side of tornado storm generated the strong cold pool with the surface temperature dropped by more than 6 ℃ within one hour. The outflow of cold pool merged with the dry-line, forming a triple point at the edge or the strong cold pool. When the hook echo moved to the triple point, a moderately strong downdraft produced a cold pool with suitable intensity, coupled with the strong convergence and uplift at the triple point, the tornado generated under the DRC and TVS. The Kaiyuan tornado storm was a linear convective system, formed by the merger of multiple storms along the surface convergence line. Due to Kaiyuan"s location within the low-level jet and its stronger low-level wind shear, it was conducive to the initial formation of a misocyclone on the ground convergence line. The cold pool with a temperature dropped by more than 10°C within an hour was produced by the storm at the west side of the misocyclone. The cold pool outflow merged with the surface convergence line to form a triple point, resulting in stronger convergence in Kaiyuan than that of Fuxin. When the misocyclone passed through the triple point, under the strong convergence and stretching effect, the low-level rotation of misocyclone reached its strongest in the life cycle which first met the TVS standard and the Kaiyuan tornado generated. The Northeast cold vortex process had extreme conditions of instability, the storms generated on the dry-line and surface convergence line, produced a strong cold pool within an area of about 30 km near the tornado genesis zone. At the edge of the strong cold pool where the ground temperature dropped less than 4°C within an hour, the humidity conditions of the lower atmosphere were improved. The triple point was also formed to strengthen the ground convergence. When the TVS or the misocyclone passed through these triple confluence points, tornadoes were formed respectively.