Facing the urgent requirements of air pollution prevention and control in China, the relevant national ministries and scientific research institutions have set up a number of scientific and technological programs to provide continuous support. Great progress has been made in theoretical research, monitoring methods, numerical simulation, and air pollution control and prevention technology, which provides a strong scientific and technological support for the practice of air pollution prevention and control in China and the successful conclusion of the battle of blue sky defense. This paper summarizes the deployment and progress of air pollution prevention and control science and technology in the past ten years, and analyzes the current situation and problems of air pollution prevention and control in China. Aiming at the “14th five-year plan”, suggestions on three aspects: basic research of air pollution, research and development of key technologies for pollution prevention and control, and application demonstrations are proposed. Focus on the coordination of PM2.5 and O3 control, pollution reduction and carbon reduction, we will further advance scientific and technological work on air pollution prevention and control, and provide key scientific and technological support for the building of a “Beautiful China” and the goal of carbon neutrality and carbon peak.