A new concept,‘anthropocene’, was proposed in recent years to emphasize that the Earth environment entered a new epoch in association with the Industrial Revolution, when human activities became able to influence the Earth environment at a global scale. However, human activity not only influences the environment, but also adapts itself to the changing natural surroundings. In order to characterize the interaction between human activity and natural environment, it is necessary to induce an interactive‘anthroposphere’in the Earth system model. Challenges in association with construction of the Earth system model including this new component are discussed.